Whats at Stake in The Graduate :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

What's at Stake in The Graduate    Every time somebody rents a video or watches a movie on television there is always that little blurb right before they begin viewing about the picture being formatted for the screen. Usually, it is ignored or merely taken as a cue that the film is about to start. That little forewarning actually holds a lot of significance, for when one views a movie in its original, wide screen version, a whole new world opens up. When a movie is altered from its initial state, and cropped in the editing room for home viewing, an overwhelming amount of the film is unsuspectingly missed. This has become extremely obvious when viewing any movie, and in The Graduate a lot of innovative things are adjusted and lost. There are various shots edited, cut off, and many dynamic camera techniques lose their effect when The Graduate is transformed from the intended wide screen version to the formatted television edition. Edits are a very apparent change in The Graduate when one witnesses the wide screen version compared to the cropped format. For example, in one of the beginning scenes, when Mrs. Robinson is asking Ben for a ride home, she casually tosses his keys into the fish tank behind him. In the letter boxed edition, the viewer is able to see her deliberately throw the keys over Ben's shoulder and into the fish tank in one single shot, thereby watching Ben actually follow the arc of the keys' path, and their decent into the water. In the formatted version there is an edit, splitting the two characters into different shots. All the viewer sees is a medium shot of Mrs. Robinson throwing the key, then an immediate medium shot of Ben turning around and then all of a sudden the keys are floating in the tank. The viewer does not see the obvious attempt of the throw, the actual flight of the keys, nor Ben's reaction to it, therefore missing the important effect that reveals Mrs. Robinson's immediate c ontrol over Ben. Another example is in the scene at the Robinson's house, immediately following Mrs. Robinson's seduction as Ben is talking with Mr. Robinson. The two of them are talking in the foreground, when Mrs. Robinson is finally seen descending the stairs. In wide screen, Mrs. Robinson is shot walking in the distance right between Ben and Mr.

Hume vs Kant: Causality

Hume s ultimate goal in his philosophic endeavors was to undermine abstruse Philosophy. By focusing on the aspect of reason, Hume shows there are limitations to philosophy. Since he did not know the limits, he proposed to use reason to the best of his ability, but when he came to a boundary, that was the limit. He conjectured that we must study reason to find out what is beyond the capability of reason. Hume began his first examination if the mind by classifying its contents as Perceptions. Here therefore [he divided] all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species. First, Impressions represented an image of something that portrayed an immediate relationship. Secondly, there were thoughts and ideas, which constituted the less vivid impressions. For example, the recalling of a memory. From this distinction, Hume decreed that all ideas had origin within impressions. From the distinction of perceptions, Hume created his microscope in order to trace all ideas back to impressions. He did this to search for the limits. If an idea could not be traced back to its impression, it was too abstruse. Hume separated the objects of human reason into two categories. First, the relation of ideas, which represented all that is a priori. Secondly, he created the category of matters of fact. Matters of fact made up the a posteriori piece of the spectrum of reason. Matters of fact are contingent, meaning they could be otherwise. In order to go beyond the objects of human reason, Hume proposed that reasoning was based upon cause and effect. Causal relations help us to know things beyond our immediate vicinity. All of our knowledge is based on experience. Therefore, we need experience to come to causal relationships of the world and experience constant conjunction. Hume stated that he shall venture to affirm, as a general proposition which admits no exception, that the knowledge of this relation is not in any instance, attained by reasonings a priori, but arises entirely from experience. (42) Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. The connection between these two propositions is not intuitive it is always inferred. Hume asserted that the future will resemble the past. This is the assumption underlying all our ideas of causality. If the future does not resemble the past, then all our reason based on cause and effect will crumble. When Hume proposed questions such as Is there any more intelligible proposition then to affirm that all trees will flourish in December and January, and will decay in May and June? (49), Hume demonstrates that it is not a relation of ideas that future will resemble the past; it is possible that the course of nature will change. Therefore, what happens in the future is neither a relation of ideas, nor a matter of fact. It is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can prove this resemblance of past to future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance. (51) Now Hume proposed that all inferences come from custom, not reasoning. Through custom or habits, we have become accustomed to expect an effect to follow a cause. This is not a rational argument. This argument centers on the theory of constant conjunction, which does not fall under either fork of reason. All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not reasoning. (57) Hume analyzed the idea of causality by emphasizing the three demands that can be verified through observation. First he argued the aspect of constant conjunction. In this aspect, the cause and effect must be spatially and constantly existent. Secondly, he asserted that it must have temporal priority, in that, the cause had to precede the effect. Lastly, the event must have a necessary connection- we must develop an understanding of why a cause produces a certain effect. Hume s critique of causation is that we cannot see it, we must infer it. For example, two billiard balls, one moving toward the next demonstrate temporal priority because one ball is moving first. Secondly, constant conjunction occurs because the balls exist together spatially and constantly. But, there is no necessary reason why this happens. Hume asserted that we can imagine a world in which the effect would be different. He then concluded that we can t get an impression of a necessary connection, we can only experience constant conjunction and temporal priority. Experience only teaches us how one event constantly follows another, without instructing us in the secret connection which binds them together. We therefore conclude that reason is a limited faculty and that we have no reason to trust our common methods of argument or to think that our usual analogies and probabilities have any authority. (83) In conclusion, Hume asserted that since we do not have any impression of necessary connections, it is our expectation that believes the effect will follow the cause. The appearance of a cause always conveys the mind, by a customary transition, to the idea of the effect. (87) Since we are trained to expect the impression of necessary connection, the idea of it comes from our minds. Therefore, our belief in necessary connections of the universe is based on a rational facts. Immanuel Kant, a philosopher after Hume, sets out to reform metaphysics. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics would be impossible. But, Kant was unwilling to surrender to Hume s skeptical argument, so Kant sets out to do a critique in order to explore the possibilities and reform metaphysics. Kant begins his critique searching for a priori knowledge within philosophy. Kant began to search for the a priori principles that were rationally deductible in order to explain why we perceive the things we cannot perceive. Kant believed that the only way that we could get to things necessary and universal was through a priori. Kant found that the concept of the connection of cause and effect was by no means the only concept by which the understanding thinks the connection of things a priori, but rather that metaphysics consists altogether of such concepts. (8) Kant began to examine pure a priori reason by establishing his critique. He stated that there are boundaries and contents. He set out to find what is inside the limitations and what is outside. Kant examined the three bodies of knowledge: math, physical science and metaphysics. Kant said that science must have necessity and universality. This places math and science within reason. Kant first divided judgement into two kinds of knowledge- analytic and synthetic. In the Prolegomena, Kant criticized Hume for having regarded mathematical judgements as analytic. Had he realized that they were synthetic, Hume would have been able to conclude that some synthetic judgements can be made a prior. Kant concluded that math and science fell under a priori synthetic judgements. This gives us universality, but it also tells us something. For Kant, knowledge must be necessary and universal qualities must come from a priori synthetic judgements. They have to tell us something we don t know, something completely independent of experience. This idea of Kant s, completely contradicts Hume. Hume had asserted that anything based on empirical facts had no necessity, and therefore was contingent. Hume also stated that empirical facts couldn t give us universality either, because we can t know future will resemble the past. Kant stated that all Hume s beliefs centered upon the fact that nothing but experience could furnish us with such connections. For Hume, all science was empirical, and we could only know what happened so far. In contrast, for Kant, he said that scientific laws claim necessity and universality. It is only from a priori that we get universality and necessity. Kant then continued his critique to decipher if metaphysics is possible. Kant separated the faculties of the mind and the way it thinks into three distinctive categories. First, he stated that math was exhibited through intuition. The forms of intuition were a priori and had two capacities. First, intuition gave us space and time through pure intuition, and sensory data through empirical intuition. Then, Kant set up a metaphysical distinction between numena and phenomena. Numena represents the things in themselves, while phenomena represents the things for us. In this dichotomy we have no access to numena. The only way we can get to things outside us is through intuition, but intuition has these forms. This shows our limitations. Mathematics is not applicable to numena. We can have mathematical knowledge of phenomena. From this we can infer we have inter-subjective knowledge. Kant has given us universal and necessary knowledge in the phenomenal realm. Kant points out that the error may arise owing to an illusion, in which [he proclaim] to be universally valid what is merely a subjective condition of the intuition of thing and certain only of all objects of senses, namely for all possible experience. (39) Kant has just suggested that the error and base for all metaphysics is not distinguishing between phenomena and numena. Finally, Kant explained that everything is a distinction of phenomena and numena. We receive necessity and universality through this distinction and also from the projection that phenomena comes from certain a priori aspects. Therefore, the future will resemble the past, because we make it resemble the past. Kant used understanding, the second faculty of the mind to explain causality. As the understanding stands in need of categories for experience, reason contains in itself the source of ideas. (76) The function of understanding is thinking, and thinking must use concepts to be an objective thought. The presence of this objective thought verifies its actuality. Therefore, causality, for Kant, was the way in which mind puts together experiences to understand them. Kant found many problems within Hume s account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Hume s account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated that Hume justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality. (57) Kant also attacked Hume s ideas by describing Hume s treatment of the concept of causality to be a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience. (5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.

Personal Narrative Essay A Beautiful Autumn Day - 716 Words

What a beautiful autumn day it is today. A nice ,breezy, cool day with a robin’s egg blue sky. The view of all the aged leaves scattered across the ground, and the tree still holding onto some that arent ready to fall yet. That certain smell of the crisp fresh air with the golden and rust colored leaves scattered around me reminds me of when I would take long walks with a girl named Mary, who I used to be in love with. Mary and I would take walks through the parks for as long as we could, just talking. Until one day over a minor disagreement she decided to move on; I became lonely and heartless. Eventually, I found my way, the path I’m walking on is great.; it’s very peaceful. There’s hardly anybody on it; normally, you could hear a†¦show more content†¦She replied, â€Å"My husband and I have three children; I work in the Bursars office at Columbia.† We waited a few minutes to say some more, then all of sudden she says, â€Å"My 6 year old’s name is Bill by the way.† This made me think that she’s still holding onto the past just like the tree holding onto the leaves. After we stopped talking, I noticed the a distant way she was looking, as if she was searching for something to say or she was lost in a past memory. I needed to say something quick, so I asked her where she lived now. She told me that she lived on Central Park West and how my family should come see hers. So being nice and wanting to meet her kids, I gladly accepted and told her how her family should come and have dinner with mine. Suddenly, there was an ear-piercing noise; as we look up there is black smoking coming out of the back of the bus. This was Mary’s bus; this meant she had to leave to go home to her family. I told her goodbye. Mary got on that old worn-out bus and as she went on her way I remembered something. I never told her my address, and she never gave me hers. So I stood there waiting for something to h appen like a tree waiting for it’s leaves to change color and become renewed, but nothing ever did. I looked at my watch, and noticed it had been thirty minutes since we started talking, but it felt like only been five. I started my route back home andShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, â€Å"the Door in the Wall† and â€Å"a Dream of Armageddon†14742 Words   |  59 PagesEnglish I Have Dreamed a Dream†¦ An Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, â€Å"The Door in the Wall† and â€Å"A Dream of Armageddon† Lars Wallner C Course: Literary Specialisation Autumn, 2008 Supervisor: Helena Granlund â€Å"I have dreamed a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lars Wallner, Autumn 2008 Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Failing to Recognise What Is Right in FrontRead MoreAlfred Lord Tennyson As A Master Of Poetic Rhythm2606 Words   |  11 PagesAll five poets in this essay have experience some form of personal, psychological or physical conflict in their lives. Poet Laureate, Alfred Lord Tennyson was one of the most celebrated and respected poets during the Victorian era. He was hugely influenced by Romantic poets and created powerful and vivid images throughout his poems. Tennyson is also considered to be a master of poetic rhythm. 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For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® andRea d MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesBy the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMIND

An Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment...

Introduction to Hydroponics and Controlled Environment Agriculture by Patricia A. Rorabaugh, Ph.D. University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center 1951 E. Roger Road Tucson, AZ 85719 Revised December, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Controlled Environment Agriculture and Hydroponics: Past, Present and Future The Plant How to grow greenhouse crops Plant Protection: Insects and Diseases Basic Principals of Hydroponics Transplant Production Pollination, Fertilization and Bee Management Fruit Harvesting, Grading and Storage Plant Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders Fertigation Systems and Nutrient Solutions Greenhouse Site Selection Greenhouse Structures Greenhouse Control Systems Greenhouse Energy and Resource†¦show more content†¦*~300 A.D. Rome – Roses were forced to flower early by the addition of warm water into the irrigation ditches twice a day. This would warm the roots and stimulate growth. 1-1 THEREFORE, up to ~300 A.D., the ancients had perfected protected agriculture (terraced growing areas, mulches and compost heating), greenhouses, hot air and hot water heating systems and had experimented with plant nutrition, water culture and more. THEN: The Great Library in Alexandria Egypt was burned. Rome fell. Enter the Dark Ages! What was learned before was forgotten†¦ When people forget their â€Å"history† they are doomed or, in this case, required to repeat it! 1300’s 1400’s 1500’s – European Renaissance: revival of art, literature learning. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTED AGRICULTURE AND GREENHOUSES: People want to â€Å"grow out of season† (i.e., have tomatoes in Winter) or grow plants where they don’t normally grow (i.e., lettuce, a cold weather crop, in Tucson in the Summer!). Therefore, move the plant from the natural environment to an artificial one†¦ using protected agriculture and/or greenhouses. Modify or control the temperature, relative humidity, CO2, light, etc., to provide optimum conditions to grow any crop any time anywhere! What discoveries had to be made in order to develop the modern greenhouse? *1385 – The French built â€Å"glass pavilions† oriented toward the south to grow flowers (though mainly for the wealthy to

Essay on The Failure of the War on Drugs - 1025 Words

In the early 1980s, policymakers and law enforcement officials stepped up efforts to combat the trafficking and use of illicit drugs. This was the popular â€Å"war on drugs,† hailed by conservatives and liberals alike as a means to restore order and hope to communities and families plagued by anti-social or self-destructive pathologies. By reducing illicit drug use, many claimed, the drug war would significantly reduce the rate of serious nondrug crimes - robbery, assault, rape, homicide and the like. Has the drug war succeeded in doing so? In Illicit Drugs and Crime, Bruce L. Benson and David W. Rasmussen (Professors of Economics, Florida State University, and Research Fellows, the Independent Institute), reply with a resounding no. Not†¦show more content†¦Certainly many violent and property criminals use drugs. But only a small percentage of drug users commit violent or property crimes. Drug offenders are far more likely to recidivate for a drug offense than for a violent offense or property crime. Is drug use to blame for the crimes drug users do commit? Benson and Rasmussen suggest that the reverse is closer to the mark: Many criminals who use drugs did not begin to do so until after they began committing nondrug crimes. A Bureau of Justice Statistics survey of prison inmates found that about half of the inmates who had used a major drug, and about 60 percent of those who used a major drug regularly, did not do so until after their first arrest for a nondrug crime. â€Å"Similarly,† Benson and Rasmussen note, â€Å"more than half of local jail inmates who reported they were regular drug users in the survey . . . said that their first arrest for a crime occurred an average of two years before their drug use. Once an individual has decided to turn to crime as a source of income, he or she may discover that drugs are more easily obtained within the criminal subculture and perhaps that the risks posed by the criminal justice system are not as great as initially anticipated. Furthermore, criminal activity generates income with which to buy goods that previously were not affordable, including drugs. Thus, crime leads to drug use, not vice versa.† Because relatively few illicit drug offenders commitShow MoreRelatedThe Failure of the War on Drugs Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Drugs in the United States has a profound influence on both the incarceration rates and activities of the criminal justice system. Many politicians and advocates of the policy claim that the War on Drugs is a necessary element to deter criminal behavior and reduce the crime rate. However, studies show that drug deterrent policies on possession and use have been inadequate and unsuccessful (Cole Gertz, 2013). Studies also show that the War on Drugs has not attained its objectives becauseRead More War on Drugs is a Dismal Failure Essay2868 Words   |  12 Pagesthe House recently approved a bill that included $1.7 billion to combat the drug cartels of Columbia with additional military aid.   In doing so, they perpetuated what could be one of the United States most misguided policies of recent history. At least some Republicans can give themselves a pat on the back for attempting to remove the Columbian aid from the $13 billion foreign aid bill.   Unfortunately, todays drug war is largely a Reagan-era Republican creation, so intoxicating that even theRead MoreThe War On Drugs Has Been A Well Intentioned Failure Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe war on drugs has been a well-intentioned failure. The world’s desire was to keep people away from dangerous substances and to eliminate the violent practices of the drug producers and distributors. 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Incarceration rates have also increased due to the increase of laws against illegal drugs. In Eugene Jarecki’s film, The House I Live In, Jarecki states that the penalties for crack users were harsher than penalties for regular cocaine users. This suggests that penalties are more of a double standard theory. The â€Å"War on Drugs† is more of a failure that placesRead MoreThe Flawed Drug Policy of America1691 Words   |  7 PagesAmericas Flawed Drug Policy Introduction: As a major policy issue in the United States, the War on Drugs has been one of the most monumental failures on modern record. At a cost of billions of taxpayer dollars, thousands of lives lost and many thousands of others ruined by untreated addiction or incarceration, Americas policy orientation concerning drug laws is due for reconsideration. 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Points About a Crafting Business Free Essays

1. Why does crafting strategy have a strongly entrepreneurial character? Courtney (2) notes that in a rapidly changing environment, this year’s indicators are not a good measure of what will happen in the future. Instead, there is a need to develop foresight. We will write a custom essay sample on Points About a Crafting Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now This involved looking to the future and spotting potential opportunities and potential threats before they are actually present. This is entrepreneurial in the sense that it involves looking to the future and seeing things before they are actually present. Crafting strategy also involves a new approach to business where the focus is on managing and risk and choosing the best kind of action, while there remains a level of certainty. These aspects of crafting strategy have a strong entrepreneurial character. Finally, crafting strategy requires vision and creativity. It differs from traditional management strategies because there are no certainties. Organizations cannot simply accept the environment as it is and aim to preserve the status quo. Organizations have to accept continual change, expect continual problems and challenges, and be innovative and creative in addressing these challenges. This need for innovation and creativity also has a strong entrepreneurial character. 2. What managerial purpose does the establishment of long-term objectives have? Long-term objectives are necessary to ensure that the organization is aware of what it wants to achieve. They focus the organization on its goals and provide a means of defining the desired outcome. Long-term objectives are also important because they are used to measure current and possible actions against. For example, the decision of whether or not to take a certain action can be based on whether or not it will help the organization achieve its goals. One of the other important points regarding long-term objectives is that they define the desired end-point, but do not define how that end-point is achieved. This means that the organization knows where it is going, but has the flexibility to adapt to the environment to determine how to get there. In this way, long-term objectives are important because they are a fixed point that guides the organizations toward its goals. 3. Competitive markets are economic battlefields. True or False. Explain. Competitive markets are economic battlefields. Thompson and Strickland note that in competitive markets, organizations constantly compete against each other in an attempt to gain advantages. One reason this is considered a battlefield is simply due to the competing. Another reason this is considered a battlefield is that organizations are competing to win the same thing, namely the consumer dollar. The third reason this is considered a battlefield is that a win by one organization means a loss for another. That is, for every consumer dollar that an organization wins, that is one less dollar going to a competitor. The next consideration is why it is considered an economic battlefield. The basic answer could be that organizations are competing to gain money, but there is more to it than this. It is also an economic battlefield because organizations win by improving economically. For example, if a manufacturing organization can find a way to produce a product for less money, they can pass this saving onto the consumer, and gain more consumers by having a lower price. Even if the price remains the same, organizations can benefit another way by producing the product for less, because they can invest that money into improving the product. The improved product then becomes the method by which they win the consumer dollar. Another important point is that winning economically often has future benefits. An organization that is winning the battle to win consumers will have more profits and these can be used to improve processes or products to provide even more future gains. Gains are also often made because their volume of trade increases. For manufacturers, they gain via economies of scale, where the more products that are made, the lower the cost becomes per product. The volume of trade can also give organizations more ability to negotiate with suppliers, partners, and retailers. The end result is that an organization winning the economic battle will often gain benefits that will allow it to improve economically even more. Returning to the battlefield idea, this can be considered as one army losing soldiers and become weaker, while the other army gains them and becomes even stronger. As the balance swings, the stronger side continues to increase in strength, forcing the weaker side out. How to cite Points About a Crafting Business, Essay examples

Review of Victorian Public and Wellbeing Plan- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theReview of Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan. Answer: Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (VPHWP) (2015-2019) is one of the path-breaking plans that is framed in order to promote health and well-being among the population residing in Australia. The following assignment will focus on the review of this health plan in doing this; the assignment will first provide an overview of the VPHWP. The assignment will then give detail of the main priority area highlighted in the plan followed by the two prone risk group of population. The following at-risk group and three determinants of health will be then critically analyzed towards the end of the assignment. Outline plan and determinants of health The main outline of Victorian Public Health And Wellbeing Plan (VPHWP) (20152019) is to make Victoria free of the avoidable burden of injury and disease so that all the residents of Victoria are enjoy optimal attainable standards of health, wellbeing along with active participation at every stage of their life (VPHWP, 2015). VPHWP is the second public health and wellbeing plan that aims to establish new standards for the population residing in Victoria. This plan is consistent with the vision and objective of Public Health and Wellbeing Act of 2008 that aims towards improving health and social outcomes in Victoria via reducing inequalities (VPHWP, 2015). The principal aim of the plan is to understand the concept of health and wellbeing of the population residing in Victoria. The plan also aims to provide strategic directions towards the overall improvement of the quality of life at every stage and thereby promoting health (VPHWP, 2015). The main achievement of these aims is to reduce inequalities in health and well-being in Australia via proper identification of the social determinants of health (VPHWP, 2015). The main risk group discussed in this plan is the aboriginals and non-aboriginal Victorians. According to Bleichet al. (2012), the main target of health inequalities in Australia, Victoria is the aboriginals, mainly the Torres Strait Islanders. These inequalities in the health outcome can be defined by the social determinants of health (VPHWP, 2015). According to Braveman and Gottlieb (2014), the main social determinants of health include economic stability, physical environment and neighbourhood, education, food, social and community context and health care system. Priority Area and Risk Groups One of the main priority area highlighted in the VPHWP (2015) include tobacco free lining. It is a priority because nearly 12% of the adult Victorian population smokes on a daily basis (Department of Health Australia 2014). This smoking affects the disadvantaged groups of population disproportionately because smoking rate is higher among the aboriginal people. This high rate of smoking among the aboriginal people is one of the leading causes behind their high level of psychological distress and ill-birth rates (smoking among the pregnant women) (Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity 2014; . Moreover the incidence of tobacco smoking is also increasing the risk of cardiovascular disorder among Victorian population (Collins Lapsley, 2011). The actions outlined to address these issues by VPHWP (2015) include reduction in the rate of smoking via providing support at the community level (hospitals and community level services) along with special smoking cessation program for the groups who has high disproportionally high smoking rates, particularly the Aboriginals. Two Main risk groups identified are the aboriginal people (adults) and adolescents. According to the Australian Department of Health (2013), 12% of the young population who are 16 years old and 16% of the young population who are 17 years old and are residing in Victorian smoke cigarette. As a consequence of this they suffer from psychological distress, lower level of education. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015), 41% of Aboriginal people daily smokes cigarette. As a consequence of this they are more prone towards developing cardiovascular anomalies other psychological complication (Collins Lapsley, 2011). This increase in the disease prevalence increases the cost to health care along with decrease in the annually productivity and increase in mortality (Collins Lasley). All these effects cumulate into financial burden and thereby increasing health inequalities. This risk group will be targeted via legislative and non-legislative approaches towards tobacco refor ms like smoking cessation support that will help to reduce the proportion of people in Victoria who smoke tobacco (VPHWP, 2015). Three relevant determinants of health The social determinants of health that is responsible for the high level of smoking among the aboriginal or indigenous population on Victoria is lack of economic stability. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2015), lack of economic stability creates psychological distress. AIHW (2015) has further opined that indigenous people who are suffering from high or very high level of psychological distress are likely to smoke cigarettes. At least 30% of the indigenous people smokes cigarettes as evaluated the 2012-2013 survey of AIHW. Moreover, they also undertook a comparative study which revealed that 16% of the indigenous people who are employed smokes cigarette in comparison to 24% of unemployed people and 33% of the labour force people. This sharp difference in the percentage clearly represents that the lack of economic stability is an important social factor behind the increasing the risk of tobacco smoking among the indigenous people of Victoria. The biological determinant of health that is responsible for the high level of smoking among the aboriginal or indigenous people in Victoria is poor health. According to VPHWP (2015), poor health is an amplifier towards increase in the rate of smoking among the disadvantaged people residing in Victoria (aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders). According to the reports published by the Australian Human Rights Commission (2017), the present health condition among the Australians Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders is extremely poor in comparison to the rest of the Australian population. The factors highlighted by Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) for this poor health backup among the Australian Aboriginals include lack of safe drinking water, lack of effective sewage system, rubbish collection and healthy housing. According to Steptoe, Deaton and Stone (2015), poor health affects the capacity of a person to work and this in turn negatively affects the health and well-being of the person and thereby affects the financial income and lack of social contact. This lack of income and social contact increases a sense of depression, anxiety and a social isolation. These negative feelings together cumulatively increase the urge of smoking. According to Leventhal and Zvolensky (2015), smoking provides a pseudo effect of decrease in depression but the actual scenario of different as smoking actually increases the level of mental health complications and thus creating health inequality. According to Steptoe, Deaton and Stone (2015), poor health thus not only cause physical pain and suffering to the individual but also increases the level of mental pain and pressure creating a huge barrier in optimal social and economic participation and health equality. The environmental determinant of health that is responsible for the high level of smoking among the aboriginal or indigenous people in Victoria is residing in remote areas. According to the data published by AIHW (2015), indigenous people who reside in remote areas are more likely to smoke cigarettes (50%) in comparison to the population, which resides in non-remote areas (39%). AIHW (2015) however, is of the opinion that the rate of tobacco smoking among the indigenous adults have decline during the year of 2012-2014 (this is a significant decrease of 8%) but still then the rate is astonishingly high in comparison to the population residing in non-remote areas. AIHW also highlighted the reason responsible for this high disparity in percentage. According to their report, indigenous people who reside in remote areas are treated unfairly by the health care professionals and thus they avoid seeking help in the domain of substance abuse or indulge in the intoxication of tobacco smoking. Moreover, tack of support from the healthcare professionals in the remote areas has lead to decrease in awareness in the domain of smoking related ill-effects and thereby further increasing the disparity among the remote and non-remote areas. Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that one of the main priority areas that has been highlighted by VPHWP (2015) is tobacco free living. The two main population group that is the principle target for this priority area is adult population and adolescents. Of them, the main prioritized group should be the aboriginal adults. The social, biological and environmental determinants that increase their susceptibility of this group of population from getting affected with the health threats of tobacco smoking include economic instability, poor health and living in remote areas respectively. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015), Customised report: Australian Health Survey: nutrition first results - foods and nutrients, 201112, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra Australian Human Rights Commission (2017). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia a human rights based approach. Access date: 10th April. Retrieved from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/social-determinants-and-health-indigenous-peoples-australia-human-rights-based Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2015)., The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: 2015. Access date: 10th April. Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-health-welfare/indigenous-health-welfare-2015/contents/determinants-of-health-key-points Bleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., LaVeist, T. A. (2012). Health inequalities: trends, progress, and policy.Annual review of public health,33, 7-40. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public health reports,129(1_suppl2), 19-31. Collins D, Lapsley H (2011), The social costs of smoking in Victoria in 2008/09 and the social benefits of public policy measures to reduce smoking prevalence, Quit Victoria and the VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control and Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne. Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity (2014). Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity. Access date: 10th April. Retrieved from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/hospitals-and-health-services/quality-safety-service/consultative-councils/council-obstetric-paediatric-mortality Department of Health (2014), Victorian Population Health Survey 201112, survey findings, State Government of Victoria, Melbourne. Access date: 10th April. Retrieved from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/public-health/population-health-systems/health-status-of-victorians/survey-data-and-reports/victorian-population-health-survey/victorian-population-health-survey-2011-12 Leventhal, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: A transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotionsmoking comorbidity.Psychological bulletin,141(1), 176. Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing.The Lancet,385(9968), 640-648. Victoria State Government. (2015). Victorian public health and wellbeing plan (20152019). Access date: 10th April. Retrieved from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/health-strategies/public-health-wellbeing-plan